從基礎(chǔ)到應(yīng)用：全面了解線性運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)（中英文）

直線運(yùn)動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌是醫(yī)療設(shè)備和半導(dǎo)體制造設(shè)備等各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的機(jī)械工程中必不可少的部件。利用為旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)開發(fā)的軸承，可以創(chuàng)建直線運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，以便輕松地在直線上循環(huán)高負(fù)載能力。

該機(jī)器的主要特點(diǎn)是能夠?qū)⑿D(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換為具有高精度行程的線性運(yùn)動(dòng)。這是通過滾動(dòng)元件或軸承實(shí)現(xiàn)的，它們沿著預(yù)定的線性軌道滑動(dòng)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)平穩(wěn)且受控的運(yùn)動(dòng)。

Linear motion guides are essential components in mechanical engineering in various sectors, such as the medical equipment and semiconductor manufacturing equipment industry. Utilising bearings developed for rotary movement, linear motion systems are created to circulate high-load capacity in a straight line easily.

The key feature of this machine is its ability to convert rotary movement into linear motion with a stroke of high precision. This is made possible by the rolling elements or bearings, which glide along a predetermined linear rail to allow a smooth and controlled motion.

線性導(dǎo)軌的定義

Definition of Linear Guides

線性運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)通常被稱為線性導(dǎo)軌，它有不同的類型和配置，包括滾珠導(dǎo)軌、滾柱導(dǎo)軌和眾多微型導(dǎo)軌等，以滿足特定的應(yīng)用要求。盡管設(shè)計(jì)可能有所不同，但線性導(dǎo)軌在其選擇范圍內(nèi)保持了其高剛性和移動(dòng)高負(fù)載的能力。

這些導(dǎo)軌可用于各種應(yīng)用，包括 CNC 加工、3D 打印和抽屜和推拉門等家庭必需品。隨著技術(shù)和機(jī)械的不斷進(jìn)步，對(duì)線性導(dǎo)軌的需求也在增加。

A linear motion system is often referred to as a linear guide, and it comes in different types and configurations, including ball guides, roller guides and numerous miniature guides, among others, to cater to specific application requirements. Although the design might differ, the linear guide maintains its high rigidity and capability to move high loads across its selection.

These guides can be used in diverse applications, including CNC machining, 3D printing, and household necessities like drawers and sliding doors. As technologies and machinery continue to advance, so does the increased need for linear guides.

線性導(dǎo)軌如何促進(jìn)線性運(yùn)動(dòng)

How Linear Guides Facilitate Linear Motion

線性導(dǎo)軌為重負(fù)載或物體提供受控且低摩擦的機(jī)制，使其能夠高精度地直線移動(dòng)。該機(jī)制涉及滾珠作為軌道和滑塊之間的循環(huán)元件，大大增強(qiáng)了機(jī)械的運(yùn)動(dòng)。以下是線性導(dǎo)軌如何協(xié)助機(jī)床工作。

Linear guides provide a controlled and low-friction mechanism for heavy loads or objects to move straightly with high precision. The mechanism involves rolling balls as recirculating elements between rails and blocks, greatly enhancing the machinery's motion. Below is how linear guides work to assist machine tools.

軌道和軌道配置

Rail and Track Configuration

線性導(dǎo)軌有兩個(gè)主要部件：固定線性導(dǎo)軌和可移動(dòng)滑架（通常稱為滑塊）。導(dǎo)軌用作安裝點(diǎn)，為負(fù)載提供線性路徑。同時(shí)，滑架連接到需要線性移動(dòng)的齒輪上。

一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)導(dǎo)軌配置是圓軌、異型軌、交叉滾子軌、扁平軌和定制軌。

The linear guide features two main components: stationary linear rails and movable carriage, typically known as a slider. The rails serve as a mounting point, providing a linear path for the load. At the same time, the carriage is attached to the gear that needs to move linearly.

Some standard rail configurations are round rail, profile rail, crossed roller rail, flat rail, and custom rail.

盡量減少導(dǎo)軌和滑架摩擦

Minimise Rail and Carriage Friction

線性導(dǎo)軌旨在減少導(dǎo)軌和滑架之間的摩擦，它采用滾珠絲杠或圓形滾輪作為循環(huán)元件，可減少沿導(dǎo)軌長(zhǎng)度的接觸表面積。這類似于圓軸線性運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，可在滑架和導(dǎo)軌之間產(chǎn)生平穩(wěn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)和最小的阻力。該機(jī)制允許滾動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)而不是滑動(dòng)接觸。

Designed to reduce the friction between rail and carriage, the linear guide has ball screws or circular rollers as a recirculating element that reduce the contact surface area along the rail length. This resembles a round shaft linear motion system that produces smooth movement and minimal resistance between the carriage and the rail. The mechanism allows for a rolling motion rather than a sliding contact.

承重用途

Load Bearing Purpose

線性導(dǎo)軌的設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)能夠在精確的方向上支撐和承載負(fù)載。它們可以處理軸向、徑向甚至扭矩力。線性導(dǎo)軌的負(fù)載能力主要取決于尺寸范圍和環(huán)境條件的數(shù)量。

此外，負(fù)載將均勻分布在軌道和滾動(dòng)元件上。確保負(fù)載分散有助于減少集中的重量應(yīng)力和軸承過早失效的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

Linear guides are engineered with a structure to support and carry loads in a precise direction. They can handle axial, radial, and even torque forces. The load capacity of linear guide rails mainly depends on the size range and the number of environmental conditions.

In addition, the load will be distributed evenly across the tracks and rolling elements. Ensuring the load is spread out helps reduce the concentrated weight stress and the risk of premature bearing failure.

線性導(dǎo)軌精準(zhǔn)定位

Linear Guideway Precise Positioning

機(jī)床中的重復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)部件使得精確定位必不可少。這使得線性導(dǎo)軌成為此類操作的合適匹配，因?yàn)樗哂械湍Σ?、高剛性和所需的精度。這些特性確保承載負(fù)載與預(yù)定路徑的偏差更小。

The repetitive moving component in machine tools makes having precise positioning indispensable. This makes linear guideways a suitable match for such operation since it has low friction, high rigidity and accuracy needed. These features ensure a minimal deviation from the predetermined path for the carried load.

線性導(dǎo)軌的部件和結(jié)構(gòu)（包括導(dǎo)軌、滑架和滾動(dòng)元件）

Components & Constructions Of Linear Guide (Including Rails, Carriages, and Rolling Elements)

線性導(dǎo)軌或線性滑軌對(duì)于不同類型的機(jī)械至關(guān)重要。它具有幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵特性，有助于為如此高精度的線性運(yùn)動(dòng)提供穩(wěn)定的平臺(tái)。關(guān)鍵部件和配件包括導(dǎo)軌、滑架和滾動(dòng)元件。

Linear guide rails or linear guideway is crucial for different types of machinery. It has several key features that help provide a stable platform for linear motion with such high accuracy. The key components and accessories include rail, carriage, and rolling elements.

導(dǎo)軌或軌道

Rail or Track

線性導(dǎo)軌的主要結(jié)構(gòu)部件是導(dǎo)軌或軌道。該機(jī)器部件通常由不銹鋼或鋁制成，選擇其原因是其堅(jiān)固耐用，能夠保持剛性并提供耐用性。導(dǎo)軌具有各種輪廓，例如方形、圓形和矩形，以適應(yīng)和容納不同的重量和應(yīng)用。導(dǎo)軌長(zhǎng)度也可能不同，以滿足所需的行程距離。

The main structural component of the linear guide rails is the rail or track. This machine part is typically made of stainless steel or aluminium, chosen for its robust faculty to maintain rigidity and provide durability. The rail features various profiles, such as square, round, and rectangular, to suit and accommodate different weights and applications. The rail length may also differ to meet the desired travel distance.

滑架或滑塊

Carriage or Sliders

線性導(dǎo)軌和系統(tǒng)的移動(dòng)部件稱為滑架，它們沿線性導(dǎo)軌滑動(dòng)。滑架用作滾動(dòng)元件的容納空間以及要移動(dòng)的負(fù)載的安裝平臺(tái)。它們被設(shè)計(jì)為均勻地承載各種重量，具體取決于特定的應(yīng)用和要求。

滑架還具有不同的配置，例如塊式或法蘭式，可根據(jù)合適的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行選擇，有些甚至包含防塵密封件或刮水器，以保護(hù)導(dǎo)軌免受灰塵和污染物的侵害。直線導(dǎo)軌和系統(tǒng)的移動(dòng)部件稱為滑架，它們沿直線導(dǎo)軌滑動(dòng)?；苡米鳚L動(dòng)元件的容納空間以及要移動(dòng)的負(fù)載的安裝平臺(tái)。它們被設(shè)計(jì)為均勻地承載各種重量，具體取決于特定的應(yīng)用和要求。

滑架還具有不同的配置，例如塊式或法蘭式，可根據(jù)合適的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行選擇，有些甚至包含防塵密封件或刮水器，以保護(hù)導(dǎo)軌免受灰塵和污染物的侵害。

The moving components of the linear guide rails and systems are called carriages, which glide along the linear guide rails. The carriage is used as a housing space for rolling elements as well as a mounting platform for the loads to be moved. They are designed to carry a wide range of weight evenly, depending on the specific application and requirements.

The carriage also has different configurations, such as blocks or flange-style, that can be chosen according to the suitable application, and some even incorporate dust seals or wipers to protect the rails from dust and contaminants.

線性導(dǎo)軌滾動(dòng)元件

Linear Rails Rolling Elements

為了減少接觸面積并確?；芎蛯?dǎo)軌之間的平穩(wěn)移動(dòng)，循環(huán)滾動(dòng)元件被納入線性導(dǎo)軌，以更大限度地減少摩擦和磨損。線性導(dǎo)軌中使用的滾動(dòng)元件有幾種，包括：

1) 滾珠軸承

這些緊湊的小鋼球位于滑架表面和導(dǎo)軌之間。這些類型的軸承適用于高速、低重量和中等重量的應(yīng)用。

2) 滾柱軸承

與滾珠不同，滾柱軸承的滾動(dòng)元件由錐形或圓柱形滾柱組成，用于處理更多負(fù)載和重載應(yīng)用。它也更適合徑向負(fù)載是應(yīng)用的主要關(guān)注點(diǎn)的地方。

3) 滾針軸承

這些緊湊型滾針軸承的滾動(dòng)元件適用于小空間和高徑向負(fù)載要求，由類似小針的圓柱滾柱制成。這種結(jié)構(gòu)適用于具有高長(zhǎng)度與直徑比的負(fù)載。

To reduce the contact area and ensure smooth movement between carriage and rail, the recirculating rolling elements are incorporated into linear guides, minimising friction and wear. There are a few types of rolling elements used in linear guides, which include :

1) Ball Bearings

These compact small steel balls are housed between the carriage surfaces and rail. These types of bearings are suitable for high-speed, low and moderate-weight applications.

2) Roller Bearings

Unlike balls, the rolling elements of roller bearings consist of tapered or cylindrical rollers for handling more loads and heavy-duty applications. It is also more well-suited where radial loads are the primary concern of the applications.

3) Needle Bearings

Suitable for small space and high radial load requirements, these compact needle bearings' rolling elements are made with cylindrical rollers resembling tiny needles. This structure is made for load with a high length-to-diameter ratio.

不同類型的線性導(dǎo)軌及其應(yīng)用

Different Types of Linear Guides & Their Applications

有多種線性導(dǎo)軌可供選擇，旨在滿足特定要求。有些由不銹鋼、鋁和其他材料制成。這主要取決于環(huán)境條件、安裝要求和具體應(yīng)用。以下是一些常見的線性導(dǎo)軌類型及其典型應(yīng)用：

1) 異形導(dǎo)軌

異形導(dǎo)軌由精密研磨的導(dǎo)軌和滾珠軸承或滾柱軸承滑架制成。它們是需要高剛度、高精度和高承重能力的應(yīng)用的執(zhí)行器。

2) 滾珠軸承線性導(dǎo)軌

該型號(hào)主要用于高速加工中心、航空航天系統(tǒng)和機(jī)器人領(lǐng)域。

滾珠軸承線性導(dǎo)軌因其多功能性而廣泛用于各個(gè)行業(yè)。這些滾珠導(dǎo)軌適合那些尋找具有平滑、低摩擦運(yùn)動(dòng)的精確導(dǎo)軌的人。

這種軸承型號(hào)的應(yīng)用非常廣泛，包括 3D 打印機(jī)、醫(yī)療設(shè)備、數(shù)控機(jī)床和運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)。

3) 滾柱軸承線性導(dǎo)軌

滾柱軸承通常用于重型應(yīng)用和更高的承重能力，因?yàn)樗鼈儽葷L珠軸承導(dǎo)軌具有更大的承重能力。大型機(jī)床、自動(dòng)化設(shè)備和物料搬運(yùn)系統(tǒng)是可以使用這種型號(hào)的一些行業(yè)。

4) 滾針線性導(dǎo)軌

滾針具有緊湊設(shè)計(jì)和高徑向承重能力的特點(diǎn)，適用于有限的空間。由于其設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)長(zhǎng)，它是小型線性平臺(tái)、定位臺(tái)和精密儀器的解決方案。

5) 滑動(dòng)線性導(dǎo)軌

與滾針導(dǎo)軌類似，滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌通常用于空間有限且環(huán)境要求高精度的地方。這些緊湊型微型導(dǎo)軌有各種應(yīng)用，包括電子設(shè)備、光學(xué)儀器和小型定位系統(tǒng)。

Several linear rail guides are available designed to fulfil specific requirements. Some are made of stainless steel, aluminium and other choice of materials. This mainly depends on the environmental condition, mounting requirement and the specific application. Here are some of the common types of linear guides and their typical application:

1) Profile Rail Guides

Profile rail guides are made of precision-ground rails and ball-bearing or roller-bearing carriages. They are the actuators for applications requiring high-stiffness, precision and substantial weight capability.

2) Ball Bearing Linear Guides

This model is mainly used in high-speed machining centres, aerospace systems and robotics fields.

Ball bearings linear guides are commonly used in various industries due to their versatility. These ball guides fit those searching for exact guides with smooth, low-friction motion.

The applications of this model of bearings are quite robust, ranging from 3D printers, medical devices, CNC machines and transportation systems.

3) Roller Bearing Linear Guides

Roller bearings are often used for heavy-duty applications and higher weight capacities, as they possess more weight capacities than ball-bearing guides. Large machine tools, automation equipment and material handling systems are some industries where this model can be utilised.

4) Needle Roller Linear Guides

Characterised by their compact design and high radial weight capacity, needle rollers find use in limited space. Due to its thin and long design, it is a solution for small linear stages, positioning tables and precision instruments.

5) Slide Linear Guides

Similar to Needle Roller Guides, Slide Guides are often utilised where space is finite and the environment calls for high precision. There are various applications for these compact miniature guides, including electronic equipment, optical instruments and small-scale positioning systems.

掌握適合應(yīng)用的線性導(dǎo)軌

Mastering Linear Guides for Your Application

線性導(dǎo)軌在實(shí)現(xiàn)精確的線性運(yùn)動(dòng)方面起著關(guān)鍵作用，選擇合適的線性導(dǎo)軌也會(huì)對(duì)設(shè)備的性能和使用壽命產(chǎn)生重大影響。因此，花時(shí)間了解并做出明智的決定以確保機(jī)器無縫運(yùn)行至關(guān)重要。

Linear guides play a pivotal role in facilitating precise linear motion, and selecting the right one can significantly impact the performance and longevity of your equipment as well. Therefore, it is vital to take the time to understand and make an informed decision to ensure your machines operate seamlessly.