如何為應用選擇線性執(zhí)行器（中英文）

“線性執(zhí)行器”是一個涵蓋多種不同類型設備的廣義術語。為特定應用選擇最佳設備的過程取決于用戶的勤奮研究和開發(fā)實踐。很難比較線性執(zhí)行器制造商之間的規(guī)格，因為行業(yè)內幾乎沒有標準化。每種類型的線性執(zhí)行器都滿足不同的設計要求。

線性執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)中還可以使用多種不同類型的電機。這些包括直流有刷電機、直流無刷電機、伺服電機、步進電機，在某些情況下，甚至包括交流感應電機。應用要求和執(zhí)行器設計移動的負載將決定最佳電機選項。例如，使用驅動導螺桿的一體式馬力交流感應電機的線性執(zhí)行器可用于驅動煉油廠中的大型閥門。在這種情況下，不需要極高的精度和高分辨率（低至千分之一英寸），但高力和速度對于應用至關重要。

對于實驗室儀器、機器人、光學和激光設備或 X-Y 工作臺中使用的機電線性執(zhí)行器，精細分辨率（以微米為單位）和高精度可能需要使用帶有細螺距導螺桿的分數(shù)馬力步進電機線性執(zhí)行器。由于機電線性執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)存在許多變化，因此了解所有設計要求和應用限制對于正確選擇至關重要。

以下是選擇線性執(zhí)行器的指南，將逐步幫助用戶完成整個過程。仔細考慮每個步驟，能夠縮小選擇范圍。

"Linear actuator" is a broad term covering many different types of devices. The process of selecting the best device for a specific application is dependent upon the user's diligent research and development practices. It is difficult to compare the specifications between linear actuator manufacturers, as there is very little standardization within the industry. Each type of linear actuator fulfills a different set of design requirements.

There are many different types of motors that can be used in a linear actuator system as well. These include DC Brush, DC Brushless, Servo, Stepper, and in some cases, even AC induction motors. The application requirements and the loads the actuator is designed to move will dictate the best motor option. For example, a linear actuator using an integral horsepower AC induction motor driving a lead screw can be used to actuate a large valve in a refinery. In this case, extreme accuracy and high resolution (down to a thousandth of an inch) would not be required, but high force and speed are critical to the application.

For electromechanical linear actuators used in laboratory instrumentation, robotics, optical and laser equipment, or X-Y tables, fine resolution (measured in microns) and high accuracy may require the use of a fractional horsepower stepper motor linear actuator with a fine pitch lead screw. Because there are many variations in the electromechanical linear actuator system, it is critical to understand all design requirements and application constraints for the proper selection.

The following is a guideline to the selection of the linear actuator, and will assist you through the process step by step. Carefully consider each step and you will be able to narrow down your choice.

開始之前

BEFORE YOU START

重要說明：線性執(zhí)行器用于眾多行業(yè)的各種應用，包括醫(yī)療設備、農業(yè)機械、高壓開關設備、火車和公共汽車門以及工廠流程和裝配機械。典型用例包括醫(yī)療床、病人升降機、輪椅、可調節(jié)桌子和工作站、診斷等等。每種線性執(zhí)行器應用都有獨特的要求。

世界各地的制造商提供無數(shù)種型號的線性執(zhí)行器，行程大小、速度、電壓和類型各異。由于有如此多的制造商、型號和選項可供選擇，為應用選擇合適的線性執(zhí)行器可能是一項艱巨的任務。當聯(lián)系制造商尋求線性執(zhí)行器的應用幫助時，請準備好提供盡可能多的應用要求，包括計劃使用線性執(zhí)行器的環(huán)境。大多數(shù)線性執(zhí)行器都是為高速、高強度或兩者之間的折衷而制造的。

Important notes: Linear actuators are used in a variety of applications across numerous industries, including medical equipment, agriculture machinery, high-voltage switch gears, train and bus doors, and factory processes and assembly machinery. Typical use cases include medical beds, patient lifters, wheelchairs, adjustable tables and workstations, diagnostics, to name a few. Each linear actuator application has unique requirements.

Manufacturers throughout the world offer innumerable models of linear actuators in a wide variety of stroke sizes, speeds, voltage and types. With the availability of so many manufacturers, models and options, selecting the right linear actuator for your application can be a daunting task. When contacting a manufacturer for application assistance for a linear actuator, please be prepared to provide as many of the application requirements as possible, including the environment in which you plan to use the linear actuator. Most linear actuators are built either for high speed, high force, or a compromise between the two.

啟動流程

Starting the Process

第一步：基礎知識

Step One: The Basics

與知識淵博且經(jīng)驗豐富的供應商盡可能詳細地描述和討論應用。在此階段，重點關注負載、執(zhí)行器以及功率和控制的基本規(guī)格。在考慮特定應用的線性執(zhí)行器時，最重要的規(guī)格是：行程距離、速度、力、精度和壽命要求。線性執(zhí)行器應用的其他方面將有助于確定選擇哪些產品。在開始選擇過程之前，必須回答以下問題：

Describe and discuss the application in as much detail as possible with a knowledgeable and experienced supplier. At this stage, focus on basic specifications for load, actuator, and power and control. When considering a linear actuator for a specific application, the most important specifications are: travel distance, speed, force, accuracy and lifetime requirements. Other aspects of the linear actuator application will help determine which products to choose. The following questions must be answered before the selection process can start:

? 使用哪種類型的能源？空氣、液體還是電力？回答這個問題將排除許多制造商和線性執(zhí)行器類型。

What type of energy source will you use? Air, fluid, electricity? Answering this question will eliminate many manufacturers and linear actuator types.

? 確定所需的力。這可能是要舉起的物體的重量或需要克服的摩擦力。執(zhí)行器需要多大的力（以牛頓或磅力為單位）以及在哪些方向（推、拉、垂直和/或水平）移動？（力是最大和平均動態(tài)負載的函數(shù)。）排除任何無法產生足夠力的線性執(zhí)行器。

Determine the amount of force required. This may be the weight of an object you are lifting or friction that needs to be overcome. How much force (in newtons or pounds-force) and in what directions (push, pull, vertical, and/or horizontal) will the actuator need to move? (Force is a function of maximum and average dynamic loads.) Rule out any linear actuators that are not capable of producing enough force.

? 速度：執(zhí)行器需要以多快的速度移動（毫米/秒或英寸/秒）？確定需要以多快的速度移動；可以排除任何速度過快或過慢的線性執(zhí)行器。確定速度與第一步中的力相結合將為用戶提供所需的機械功率。

Speed: How fast (millimeters/second or inches/second) will the actuator need to move? Decide how fast you need to move; you can rule out any linear actuators that are too fast or too slow. Determining the speed combined with the force from step one will give you the mechanical power required.

? 距離：定義執(zhí)行器需要移動的距離，也稱為行程長度。盡可能選擇標準目錄選項。執(zhí)行器需要移動多遠？這將考慮行程和縮回長度，通常以毫米表示。特殊要求通常更昂貴。

重要提示：請記住，行程越長，線性執(zhí)行器完全縮回時就越長。如果需要適應現(xiàn)有空間，這一點尤其重要。

Distance: Define how far your actuator needs to travel, also known as the stroke length. Whenever possible, select the standard catalog options. How far will the actuator need to move? This will factor in both the stroke and retracted lengths and is usually expressed in millimeters. Special requirements are generally more costly.

Important: Keep in mind that the longer the stroke, the longer the linear actuator will be when fully retracted. This is especially important if you need to fit into an existing space.

? 占空比：執(zhí)行器運行的頻率是多少，兩次運行之間間隔多長時間？（這指的是“占空比”，它基于單位時間內預期的重復次數(shù)，單位是小時/天、分鐘/小時和/或沖程/分鐘。）檢查其余選擇的占空比額定值。除高端伺服裝置外，大多數(shù)線性執(zhí)行器可能無法連續(xù)運行，否則會過熱。

Duty Cycle: How often will the actuator operate, and how much time will elapse between operations? (This refers to the "duty cycle," which will be based on the number of expected repetitions per unit of time in hours/day, minutes/hour, and/or strokes/minute.) Check the duty cycle rating of your remaining choices. Except for high-end servo units, most linear actuators may not operate continuously without overheating.

? 需要考慮的選項：電源選項有哪些（電機還是電池）？電池供電應用可能需要額定電壓與電池電壓相同的直流電機。但是，交流供電應用不一定需要交流電機，因為交流電很容易轉換為任何直流電壓。在選擇內置限位開關和位置反饋設備（如電位器和編碼器）等選項時要靈活。例如，請考慮限位開關通?？梢圆⑷胗脩舻臋C構的一部分，而不是作為執(zhí)行器本身的一部分。

Options to consider: What are the power supply options (motor vs. battery)? A battery-powered application will probably require a DC motor rated the same as the battery voltage. However, an AC powered application does not necessarily need an AC motor because AC is fairly easily converted to any DC voltage. Be flexible when choosing options such as built-in limit switches and position feedback devices such as potentiometers and encoders. Consider that limit switches, for example, can often be incorporated into part of your mechanism rather than being part of the actuator itself.

? 環(huán)境考慮因素：環(huán)境因素（溫度變化、濕度、振動或最終產品沖擊）是否會對操作造成挑戰(zhàn)？大多數(shù)線性執(zhí)行器可以在室內環(huán)境中良好運行，但惡劣的室外條件、極端溫度或浸沒會極大地限制產品選擇。有時，為設備提供一些外部保護比找到具有滿足所有其他要求的適當入口保護等級的設備更容易。

Environmental Considerations: Will environmental factors (temperature variations, moisture, vibration, or end-product shock) pose a challenge to operation? Most linear actuators can operate well in an indoor environment, but harsh outdoor conditions, extreme temperatures or submersion will drastically limit your product choices. Sometimes it is easier to provide some external protection to the unit rather than find one with the proper ingress protection rating that meets all your other requirements.

縮小線性執(zhí)行器的選擇范圍

Narrowing Down the Selection of the Linear Actuator

仔細檢查線性執(zhí)行器應用可幫助消除代價高昂的錯誤，并提供最佳的系統(tǒng)性能。

Careful review of your linear actuator application can help to eliminate costly mistakes and provide for optimal system performance.

第二步：超越基礎——需要考慮的選項

Step Two: Beyond the Basics – Options to Consider

當系統(tǒng)針對應用進行定制時，具體要求將影響設計和制造過程。無論最終用途如何，設計執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)時，首先要確定基本需求，然后評估最終影響整個系統(tǒng)運行的某些關鍵參數(shù)。

機電線性執(zhí)行器旨在實現(xiàn)和控制線性運動的精確性、效率、準確度和可重復性。這些設備是液壓或氣動執(zhí)行器替代品，實用、高效且相對免維護。根據(jù)類型和制造商的不同，當今的機電線性執(zhí)行器可以處理高達 3,000 磅（13 千牛頓）的負載，速度高達 6 英寸/秒（150 毫米/秒），行程范圍從 2 英寸（50 毫米）到 60 英寸（1,500 毫米）。執(zhí)行器可以獨立安裝在鋁、鋅或聚合物外殼中，并可隨時安裝，方便插入操作（使用交流或直流電源）。

此外，執(zhí)行器采用模塊化設計和開放式架構，可根據(jù)規(guī)格互換內部和外部組件。請注意，標準組件（包括所使用的驅動螺桿、電機、前后附件、控制器和限位開關的類型）將允許進行所需的定制，而無需支付通常與特殊修改相關的成本。

When a system is tailored for an application, the specific requirements will influence both the design and the manufacturing processes. Regardless of end use, an actuation system is designed by first identifying basic needs, and then evaluating certain key parameters that ultimately affect the overall system operation.

Electromechanical linear actuators are designed to provide precision, efficiency, accuracy, and repeatability in effecting and controlling linear movement. These devices serve as practical, efficient, and relatively maintenance-free alternatives to their hydraulic or pneumatic actuator counterparts. Depending on type and manufacturer, today's electromechanical linear actuators can handle loads of up to 3,000 pounds (13 kilonewtons) and deliver speeds of up to 6 inches/second (150 millimeters/second), with strokes ranging from 2 inches (50 millimeters) to 60 inches (1,500 millimeters). Actuators can be self-contained in aluminum, zinc, or polymer housings and ready to mount for easy plug-in operation (using either AC or DC power supplies).

What's more, actuators featuring both modular design and open architecture enable interchangeable internal and external components, according to specifications. Please note that standard components, including the types of drive screws, motors, front and rear attachments, controls, and limit switches used, will allow for desired customization without the costs typically associated with special modifications.

注意：在每種機電執(zhí)行器應用中起關鍵作用的具體參數(shù)包括：輸入電功率、占空比和執(zhí)行器效率?；卮鹨韵聠栴}將幫助進一步定義線性執(zhí)行器：

Note: The specific parameters that play a crucial role in every electromechanical actuator application are the: electrical power in, duty cycle, and actuator efficiency. Answering the following questions will help you to define the linear actuator further:

1. 最終產品的預期使用壽命是多少？（這些答案幾乎會影響線性執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)中的每個組件。）

2. 執(zhí)行器將如何安裝？前部和/或后部安裝是否需要特殊配置？

3. 應用是否建議使用特定的安全機制（例如，緊急情況下使用的“手動操作器”）？

4. 空間是否有限？（如果是，則必須將執(zhí)行器設計為適合特定的占地面積。）

5. 如果使用電機，其類型（交流、直流或特殊）和電壓是什么？

6. 是否需要速度和/或位置反饋？（這將表明需要附加組件，例如編碼器。）

1. What is the desired lifetime for the end product? (Those answers will impact virtually every component within a linear actuator system.)

2. How will the actuator be mounted? Will front and/or back mounts require special configurations?

3. Does the application suggest particular safety mechanisms (e.g., "manual operators" for use in case of emergency)?

4. Is space limited? (If so, the actuator will have to be designed to fit in a specific footprint.)

5. If a motor is utilized, what is its type (AC, DC, or special) and voltage?

6. Is feedback required for speed and/or position? (This will indicate a need for add-on components, such as encoders.)

第三步：功率因數(shù)

Step Three: The Power Factor

線性執(zhí)行器是一種利用外部能源產生線性運動的裝置。就所使用的能源而言，它可以是壓電、氣動、液壓、機械、機電等。線性執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)借鑒了電氣和機械工程學科的原理。因此，功率（以瓦特為單位）通常是計算的第一個要求。為了從電動線性執(zhí)行器中獲得機械功率，必須將電力輸入系統(tǒng)。機械功率輸出通常是兩者中更容易定義的，因為計算所需的只是力或將要移動的負載以及所需的速度。

如果參數(shù)采用公制 (SI) 單位，則將力（以牛頓為單位）乘以速度（以毫米/秒為單位）以獲得瓦特。（要將磅轉換為牛頓，請乘以 4.448；要將英寸轉換為毫米，請乘以 25.4。）

A linear actuator is a device that produces linear motion by utilizing some external energy source. As far as the source of energy used is concerned, it can be piezoelectric, pneumatic, hydraulic, mechanical, electro-mechanical, etc. A linear actuator system draws principles from both electrical and mechanical engineering disciplines. Consequently, power (defined in Watts) is usually the first requirement to be calculated. In order to get mechanical power out of an electric linear actuator, it is necessary to put electrical power into the system. Mechanical power out is usually the easier of the two to define because all that is needed for its calculation is the force, or the load that will be moved, and the speed required.

If the parameters are in metric (SI) units, multiply the force (in Newtons) by the speed (in millimeters/second) to obtain Watts. (To convert pounds to Newtons, multiply by 4.448; to convert inches to millimeters, multiply by 25.4.)

機械功率輸出 (P0)：

Mechanical power out (P0):

P0 = F x v

F = Force (N)

v = Velocity (meters/sec)

可以通過供應商規(guī)格表中的性能圖和圖表確定有關電力的信息。供應商以不同的方式繪制這些信息的圖表，但通常情況下，都有力與速度和力與特定電壓下的電流消耗的圖表。這些數(shù)據(jù)通常以兩張圖的形式呈現(xiàn)，或合并為一張。電流消耗也可以以表格形式呈現(xiàn)。此外，還將根據(jù)占空比曲線給出系數(shù)。相關公式如下：可以通過供應商規(guī)格表中的性能圖和圖表確定有關電力的信息。供應商以不同的方式繪制這些信息的圖表，但通常情況下，都有力與速度和力與特定電壓下的電流消耗的圖表。這些數(shù)據(jù)通常以兩張圖的形式呈現(xiàn)，或合并為一張。電流消耗也可以以表格形式呈現(xiàn)。此外，還將根據(jù)占空比曲線給出系數(shù)。相關公式如下：

Information regarding electrical power can be ascertained through performance graphs and charts from suppliers' specification sheets. Suppliers chart this information differently, but more often than not, there are graphs for force vs. speed and force vs. current draw at a specified voltage. This data is often presented in two graphs or combined in one. The current draw may also be presented in tabular form. In addition, factors will be given based on a duty-cycle curve. The relevant formula is as follows:

電功率（Pi）：

Electrical power in (Pi):

Pi = E x I

E = Voltage (V)

I = Current (A)

第四步：計算占空比

Step Four: Calculating Duty Cycle

用戶需要確定占空比因子（有時稱為“降額因子”）。占空比很重要。有時，初步的執(zhí)行器選擇可能無法滿足應用程序的所有操作要求。占空比既表示執(zhí)行器的操作頻率，也表示操作之間的時間間隔。由于效率低下的功率會以熱量的形式消散，因此允許溫度最低的執(zhí)行器組件（通常是電機）為整個線性執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)確定了占空比限制。請注意：變速箱中的摩擦以及滾珠絲杠和梯形絲杠驅動系統(tǒng)會產生一些熱量損失。

為了演示如何計算占空比，假設執(zhí)行器上下累計運行 10 秒，然后停止運行 40 秒。占空比為 10/(40+10)，即 20%。如果增加占空比，則必須降低負載或速度。相反，如果負載或速度降低，占空比可能會增加。如果在機器或生產設備上使用線性執(zhí)行器，則占空比相對容易確定。在其他不太可預測的應用或線性執(zhí)行器不經(jīng)常使用的應用中，建議估計最壞情況，以便分配有意義的占空比計算。不建議在制造商功率曲線的邊緣運行，因為這可能會導致線性執(zhí)行器和其他組件運行過熱。但是，在某些占空比為 10% 或更低的應用中，執(zhí)行器可以運行到其功率曲線的極限。

Users will want to establish the duty-cycle factor (sometimes called the "derating factor"). Duty cycle is important. Sometimes the preliminary actuator selection may not meet all of an application's operating requirements. The duty cycle indicates both how often an actuator will operate and how much time there is between operations. Because the power lost to inefficiency dissipates as heat, the actuator component with the lowest allowable temperature (usually this is the motor) establishes the duty-cycle limit for the complete linear actuator system. Please note: There are some heat losses from friction in a gearbox, and via ball-screw and acme-screw drive systems.

To demonstrate how the duty cycle is calculated, assume an actuator runs for 10 seconds cumulative, up and down, and then doesn't run for another 40 seconds. The duty cycle is 10/(40+10), or 20%. If duty cycle is increased, either load or speed must be reduced. Conversely, if either load or speed decreases, duty cycle can increase. The duty cycle is relatively easy to determine if a linear actuator is used on a machine or production device. In other, less predictable applications or those where the linear actuator will be used infrequently, it is advisable to estimate the worst-case scenario in order to assign a meaningful duty-cycle calculation. It is not advisable to operate on the edge of the manufacturer's power curves because this might cause the linear actuator and other components to run too hot. However, in some applications where the duty cycle is 10% or less, the actuator can run to the limit of its power curves.

第五步：確定“效率”和預期壽命

Step Five: Ascertaining 'Efficiency' and Expected Life

大多數(shù)制造商的文獻中通常沒有提及系統(tǒng)的“效率”，但它可以告訴用戶執(zhí)行器在運行過程中可能變得多熱，如果執(zhí)行器使用滾珠絲杠，系統(tǒng)中是否應指定保持制動器，以及電池供電系統(tǒng)中電池的使用壽命等相關數(shù)據(jù)。從性能曲線計算效率很簡單：用機械功率除以電功率。這樣就得出了效率百分比。

在計算這些因素并將決策轉向最終選擇的同時，還應解決一個附加參數(shù)：應用的預期壽命。雖然線性執(zhí)行器組件（例如電機或螺桿）可以更換，但大多數(shù)執(zhí)行器無法輕松修復。此外，涵蓋應用預期壽命也很重要，因為供應商有時會指出特定負載下的梯形或滾珠絲杠壽命，或包括基于應用參數(shù)計算壽命的數(shù)學公式。一個好的設計實踐是努力使螺桿和電機的預期壽命盡可能接近。

在必須更換現(xiàn)有線性執(zhí)行器的情況下，請確保應用工程師擁有所有必要信息，以確保執(zhí)行器良好配合。每當需要更換線性執(zhí)行器時，建議像檢查新產品一樣檢查應用。

A system's "efficiency" is usually missing from most manufacturers' literature, but it can tell the user how hot the actuator may get during operation, whether holding brakes should be specified in the system if the actuator uses a ball screw, and how long batteries may last in battery-powered systems, among other pertinent data. Calculating efficiency from performance curves is simple: divide mechanical power out by electrical power in. This yields the efficiency percentage.

While these factors are being calculated and decision making is moving toward final selection, one additional parameter should be addressed: the application's expected lifetime. Although linear actuator components (e.g., the motor or screw) can be replaced, most actuators cannot be easily repaired. In addition, it is important to cover application life expectancy because suppliers will sometimes indicate acme or ball screw life at a certain load, or include mathematical formulae to calculate life based on application parameters. A good design practice is to strive to have the screw and motor life expectancies match as closely as possible.

In those cases where an existing linear actuator must be replaced, ensure that the application engineer has all the necessary information to ensure a good fit. Whenever a linear actuator is subject to replacement, it is recommended to review the application as if it were new.

其他選擇考慮因素：預算和經(jīng)驗

Other Selection Considerations: Budget and Experience

在心中清晰地了解線性執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)預算將有助于以實惠的價格選擇最佳產品。提前進行預算規(guī)劃絕對可以為用戶節(jié)省大量選擇時間，因為可以消除一些對于應用來說太昂貴的類型。如前所述，有許多公司根據(jù)客戶的需求提供線性執(zhí)行器。選擇一家可靠的公司以獲得最佳執(zhí)行器功能和價格效果非常重要。

Having a clear picture of a linear actuator system budget in your mind will help in selecting the best product at an affordable price. Advanced budget planning can definitely save the user a lot of time in the selection process by eliminating some types that are too expensive for the application. As mentioned earlier, there are many companies providing linear actuators to the customers based on their requirements. It is important to choose a reliable company for the best results in terms of the actuator features and price.

與使用線性執(zhí)行器的運動控制系統(tǒng)相關的常見產品：與使用線性執(zhí)行器的運動控制系統(tǒng)相關的常見產品：

Common products associated with motion control systems using linear actuators:

交流電機：交流電機是一種由交流電驅動的電動機。交流電機用于將電能轉換為機械能。這種機械能是利用流過其線圈的交流電產生的旋轉磁場所施加的力產生的。交流電機由兩個主要部件組成：位于外部并帶有交流電線圈的固定定子，以及連接到輸出軸的內部轉子。

AC Motor: An AC Motor is an electric motor that is driven by alternating current. The AC Motor is used in the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is made from utilizing the force that is exerted by the rotating magnetic fields produced by the alternating current that flows through its coils. The AC Motor is made up of two major components: the stationary stator that is on the outside and has coils supplied with AC current, and the inside rotor that is attached to the output shaft.

制動器：制動器是一種阻止和減少機械運動的裝置。制動器接合時，它會“滑動”直至驅動機構停止。制動器脫開時，機構可以自由旋轉。制動器的原理類似于離合器。離合器將兩個機構連接起來以傳輸運動和動力，而制動器將機構“連接”到固定框架以減少運動和動力。制動器：制動器是一種阻止和減少機械運動的裝置。制動器接合時，它會“滑動”直至驅動機構停止。制動器脫開時，機構可以自由旋轉。制動器的原理類似于離合器。離合器將兩個機構連接起來以傳輸運動和動力，而制動器將機構“連接”到固定框架以減少運動和動力。

Brake: A brake is a device that resists and reduces the motion of a mechanism. When the brake is engaged, it "slips" until the driving mechanism stops. When the brake is disengaged, the mechanism can rotate freely. Brakes are similar in principle to clutches. A clutch couples two mechanisms in order to transmit motion and power, while a brake "couples" a mechanism to a fixed frame in order to reduce motion and power.

有刷直流電機：有刷直流電機是一種采用相對簡單設計的直流 (DC) 電機。有刷電機是一種利用電和磁場產生扭矩的電動機，從而使電機旋轉。在最簡單的設計中，有刷電機需要兩個極性相反的磁鐵和一個電線圈，電線圈充當電磁鐵。磁鐵的排斥力和吸引力電磁力提供扭矩，使有刷電機旋轉。

Brush DC Motor: A brush DC motor is a direct current (DC) motor that utilizes a relatively simple design. The brush motor is an electric motor that uses electricity and a magnetic field to produce torque, which rotates the motor. At its most simple design, a brush motor requires two magnets of opposite polarity and an electric coil, which acts as an electromagnet. The repellent and attractive electromagnetic forces of the magnets provide the torque that causes the brush motor to rotate.

無刷直流電機 (BLDC)：無刷直流電機是一種由直流電 (DC) 驅動的電動機。雖然無刷直流電機通常比標準電動或有刷電機更昂貴，但它比其前身具有相當大的優(yōu)勢。最值得注意的是，無刷直流電機比類似尺寸的有刷電機性能更好，磨損更少。

Brushless DC Motor (BLDC): A brushless DC motor is an electric motor powered by direct current (DC). Though typically more expensive than the standard electric or brushed motor, the brushless DC has considerable advantages over its predecessor. Most notably, a brushless DC motor boasts better performance and suffers less wear than brushed motors of similar size.

離合器：離合器是一種選擇性地在兩個機構（通常是旋轉機構）之間傳輸動力的裝置。當離合器接合時，它會“滑動”，直到兩個機構以相同的速度旋轉并傳輸動力。當離合器分離時，兩個機構脫鉤并允許以不同的速度旋轉。不傳輸動力。離合器的原理類似于制動器。在制動器中，從動機構將連接到固定框架。

Clutch: A clutch is a device that transmits power between two mechanisms (usually rotating) selectively. When the clutch is engaged, it "slips" until the two mechanisms rotate at the same speed and power is transmitted. When the clutch is disengaged, the two mechanisms are de-coupled and allowed to rotate at different speeds. Power is not transmitted. Clutches are similar in principle to brakes. In a brake, the driven mechanism would be connected to a fixed frame.

扭矩限制器（Torq/Gard 和 Centric 離合器）用途：Centric 過載離合器和 Torq/Gard 離合器可在卡住負載條件下提供機器保護并減少維修時間。機械或氣動扭矩限制器在多次過載后提供一致的扭矩水平。與摩擦式或剪切銷式扭矩限制器不同，Centric 過載離合器和 Torq/Gard 可以提供一種無需操作員干預即可重置扭矩的精確方法。單位置離合器每次都會重新接合到精確的旋轉位置。這對于時間至關重要的系統(tǒng)（例如裝瓶、包裝和紙張加工類型的應用）通常是必要的。

Torque Limiter (Torq/Gard and Centric Clutches) Uses: Centric Overload Clutches and Torq/Gard Clutches provide machine protection and reduced repair time during jamming load conditions. Mechanical or pneumatic torque limiters provide consistent torque levels after many overloads. Unlike friction style or shear pin-type torque limiters, Centric Overload Clutches and Torq/Gard can provide an accurate method of resetting the torque with no operator intervention. A single position clutch will re-engage in the exact rotational position each time. This is often necessary for a system wherein timing is critical, such as bottling, packaging, and paper converting type applications.

聯(lián)軸器：聯(lián)軸器是一種連接兩個通常同軸（直列）軸的裝置，用于在軸之間傳輸動力。聯(lián)軸器可以與離合器結合，用作離合器聯(lián)軸器或扭矩限制器。在高速下，聯(lián)軸器能夠以恒定速度傳輸高扭矩。某些類型的聯(lián)軸器可能能夠補償橫向、軸向和角度錯位。

Coupling: A coupling is a device that connects two generally coaxial (inline) shafts at their ends in order to transmit power between them. A coupling can be incorporated with a clutch to serve as a clutch-coupling or a torque limiter. At high speeds, couplings are capable of transmitting high torque at a constant velocity. Certain types of couplings may be able to compensate for lateral, axial, and angular misalignments.

變速箱：變速箱是一種將能量從一個設備傳輸?shù)搅硪粋€設備的機械裝置。變速箱用于增加扭矩并降低速度。扭矩是通過彎曲或扭曲固體材料產生的功率。該術語通常與傳動互換使用。變速箱：變速箱是一種將能量從一個設備傳輸?shù)搅硪粋€設備的機械裝置。變速箱用于增加扭矩并降低速度。扭矩是通過彎曲或扭曲固體材料產生的功率。該術語通常與傳動互換使用。

Gearbox: A gearbox is a mechanical device that transfers energy from one device to another. A gearbox is used to increase torque while reducing speed. Torque is the power generated through the bending or twisting of a solid material. This term is often used interchangeably with transmission.

線性執(zhí)行器電機：線性執(zhí)行器電機是提供直線推拉動力的電機。不同類型的線性執(zhí)行器電機用途廣泛：有些用于移動工業(yè)機器上的工作臺，而有些更適合調節(jié)控制閥、驅動物料搬運設備、裝瓶和包裝以及機器人，以及在設備上來回移動打印機和掃描儀頭。大型線性執(zhí)行器電機可以驅動建筑設備上的鏟子和升降機。它們可用于家庭自動化項目，例如提供音頻揚聲器的振蕩運動、降低或升高電視機，以及用于某些太陽能系統(tǒng)。線性執(zhí)行器電機：線性執(zhí)行器電機是提供直線推拉動力的電機。不同類型的線性執(zhí)行器電機用途廣泛：有些用于移動工業(yè)機器上的工作臺，而有些更適合調節(jié)控制閥、驅動物料搬運設備、裝瓶和包裝以及機器人，以及在設備上來回移動打印機和掃描儀頭。大型線性執(zhí)行器電機可以驅動建筑設備上的鏟子和升降機。它們可用于家庭自動化項目，例如提供音頻揚聲器的振蕩運動、降低或升高電視機，以及用于某些太陽能系統(tǒng)。

Linear Actuator Motors: Linear actuator motors are motors that provide push and pull motive force in a straight line. There are many uses for many different types of linear actuator motors: some will be used to move work tables on industrial machines, while others are better suited to modulate control valves, drive material handling equipment, bottling and packaging and robotics, and move printer and scanner heads back and forth on equipment. Large linear actuator motors can drive shovels and lifts on construction equipment. They can be used for home automation projects, such as providing the oscillatory motion of audio loudspeakers, lowering or raising televisions, and in some solar energy systems.

線性導軌：線性導軌是一種機械線性運動軸承系統(tǒng)或線性滑塊，旨在提供自由運動。線性導軌有時也稱為線性致動器。

Linear Guide: A linear guide is a mechanical linear motion bearing system or linear slide that is designed to provide free motion. Linear guides are sometimes referred to as linear actuators.

旋轉接頭：旋轉接頭或旋轉接頭是一種用于將流體和氣體從一處輸送到另一處的裝置，通常在高壓下進行。此外，旋轉接頭設計用于鎖定輸入閥，同時旋轉或轉動以接通出口。許多旋轉接頭包含多個端口，其中一些設計用于同時處理不同類型的材料。

Rotary Union: A rotary union, or rotating union, is a device used to conduct fluids and gases from one point to another, often under high pressure. Additionally, a rotating union is designed to lock onto an input valve while rotating or swiveling to meet an outlet. Many rotary unions incorporate multiple ports, some of which are designed to handle different types of material simultaneously.

滑環(huán)：滑環(huán)（電氣工程術語）是一種通過旋轉組件進行電氣連接的方法?；h(huán)也稱為旋轉電氣接口、旋轉電氣連接器、集電器、轉環(huán)或電氣旋轉接頭，通常用于交流系統(tǒng)和交流發(fā)電機的發(fā)電機以及包裝機械、電纜卷筒和風力渦輪機。兩個滑環(huán)中的一個連接到電樞繞組的一端，另一個連接到電樞繞組的另一端。

Slip Ring: A slip ring (in electrical engineering terms) is a method of making an electrical connection through a rotating assembly. Slip rings, also called rotary electrical interfaces, rotating electrical connectors, collectors, swivels, or electrical rotary joints, are commonly found in electrical generators for AC systems and alternators and in packaging machinery, cable reels, and wind turbines. One of the two rings is connected to one end of the armature winding and the other is connected to the other end of the armature winding.

伺服電機：伺服電機是一種使用誤差校正程序來校正其運動的自動裝置。伺服一詞可用于伺服電機以外的系統(tǒng)：使用編碼器或其他反饋裝置等反饋機制來控制運動參數(shù)的系統(tǒng)。通常，當使用伺服一詞時，它適用于“伺服電機”，但也用作一般控制術語，這意味著使用反饋回路來定位物品。

Servo Motor: A servo motor is defined as an automatic device that uses an error-correction routine to correct its motion. The term servo can be applied to systems other than a servo motor: systems that use a feedback mechanism such as an encoder or other feedback device to control the motion parameters. Typically, when the term servo is used, it applies to a 'servo motor' but is also used as a general control term, meaning that a feedback loop is used to position an item.

步進電機：步進電機是一種電氣設備，它將電機的整個旋轉過程劃分為稱為步進的各個部分。通常，步進電機是無刷電機，以便于同步旋轉，并且無需在齒輪本身上輸入外部源即可運行。簡而言之，步進電機設計有電磁鐵，這些電磁鐵排列在軸周圍的特定位置，每個電磁鐵上都刻有齒。這些齒與齒輪本身上的齒相匹配。當齒輪旋轉時，一個部分與第一個電磁鐵的齒相匹配，使齒與另一個電磁鐵錯開，并在旋轉時重復該動作。步進電機：步進電機是一種電氣設備，它將電機的整個旋轉過程劃分為稱為步進的各個部分。通常，步進電機是無刷電機，以便于同步旋轉，并且無需在齒輪本身上輸入外部源即可運行。簡而言之，步進電機設計有電磁鐵，這些電磁鐵排列在軸周圍的特定位置，每個電磁鐵上都刻有齒。這些齒與齒輪本身上的齒相匹配。當齒輪旋轉時，一個部分與第一個電磁鐵的齒相匹配，使齒與另一個電磁鐵錯開，并在旋轉時重復該動作。

Stepper Motor: A stepper motor is an electrical device that divides the full rotation of the motor into individual parts called steps. Generally, stepper motors are brushless in order to facilitate a synchronous rotation and operate without the input of an external source on the gear itself. Simply stated, stepper motors are designed with electromagnets which are arranged in specific locations around the shaft, each engraved with teeth. These teeth match the teeth that are placed on the gear itself. As the gear rotates, one section matches with the teeth of the first electromagnet, offsetting the teeth from the other electromagnets, and repeating the action as it rotates.

工作臺/滑塊/工作臺：工作臺、滑塊、工作臺和線性致動器這些術語經(jīng)?；Q使用，盡管它們之間存在顯著差異。Anaheim Automation 提供兩種類型的螺桿驅動定位工作臺：標準螺桿驅動工作臺和精密螺桿驅動工作臺。一些線性工作臺采用無支撐導軌設計，而另一些線性工作臺采用支撐導軌設計，采用不銹鋼 400 系列精密軋制導螺桿，精度高達 0.003 英寸英尺，表面拋光，螺母為零間隙。這些螺桿驅動工作臺（梯形和滾珠絲杠）可用作開環(huán)或閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)（其中步進電機與編碼器組裝在一起）?？捎眠x項包括：輕型或重型配置、行程長度、歸位和限位開關以及導螺桿螺距。這些工作臺非常適合拾取和放置操作、圓形和線性插值、點對點運動、插銷、檢查和測試設備、雕刻、零件定位和組裝，具有極高的性價比。

Table/Slide/Stage: The terms table, slide, stage and linear actuator are often used inter-changeably, even though there are significant differences among them. Anaheim Automation carries two types of screw-driven positioning tables: standard screw-driven and precision screw-driven tables. Some linear tables are designed with unsupported rails and others with supported rails that utilize the stainless steel 400 series precision rolled lead screw, accurate up to 0.003"ft, with a burnished finish and a zero backlash nut. These screw-driven tables (acme and ball screw) are available as open-loop or closed-loop systems (wherein stepper motors are assembled with encoders). Available options are: light or heavy-duty configurations, travel lengths, homing and limit switches, and lead screw pitch. Ideal for pick-and-place operations, circular and linear interpolation, point-to-point motion, pin-insertion, inspection and test equipment, engraving, part positioning, and assembly, these tables yield a great cost/performance ratio.