線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器介紹（中英文）

什么是線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器？

What is a Linear Actuator?

“線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器”一詞涵蓋了廣泛的產(chǎn)品。線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器是一種機(jī)械裝置，可將能量（來(lái)自空氣、電力或液體的動(dòng)力）轉(zhuǎn)換為直線(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，與傳統(tǒng)電動(dòng)機(jī)的圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)形成對(duì)比。它還可用于施加力。運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)型包括：阻擋、夾緊、彈出、提升、下降、推動(dòng)或拉動(dòng)。

The term "linear actuator" covers a broad range of products. A linear actuator is a mechanical device that converts energy (power from air, electricity or liquid) to create motion in a straight line, contrasted with circular motion of a conventional electric motor. It can also be used to apply a force. Types of motion include: blocking, clamping, ejecting, lifting, descending, pushing or pulling.

線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器的基本設(shè)計(jì)

Basic Design of a Linear Actuator

如前所述，“線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器”一詞涵蓋了廣泛的產(chǎn)品；每個(gè)子類(lèi)別的外觀和操作方式都不同。在大多數(shù)線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器設(shè)計(jì)中，其基本操作原理是傾斜平面。簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，絲杠的螺紋充當(dāng)連續(xù)的斜坡，允許在長(zhǎng)距離上使用較小的旋轉(zhuǎn)力來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)短距離內(nèi)大負(fù)載的移動(dòng)。

As mentioned earlier, the term "linear actuator" covers a broad range of products; each sub-category looks and operates differently. In the majority of linear actuator designs, the basic principle of operation is that of an inclined plane. Simply stated, the threads of a lead screw act as a continuous ramp that allows a small rotational force to be used over a long distance to accomplish movement of a large load over a short distance.

線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器如何工作？

How Does a Linear Actuator Work?

所有線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器都依賴(lài)于外部非線(xiàn)性力來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)某種活塞來(lái)回移動(dòng)。但是，不同類(lèi)型的線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器的工作方式不同?！盎钊笔侵竿ㄟ^(guò)或逆著流體、氣壓或電流移動(dòng)的滑動(dòng)件。它通常由一個(gè)短圓柱體組成，安裝在圓柱形容器內(nèi)，并沿著該容器來(lái)回移動(dòng)。例如：在蒸汽機(jī)中，運(yùn)動(dòng)是由蒸汽產(chǎn)生的，而泵將運(yùn)動(dòng)傳遞給流體。

All linear actuators depend on an external, non-linear force to drive some kind of a piston back and forth. However, different types of linear actuators work in different ways. A ‘piston’ is defined as a sliding piece which is moved by or against fluid, air pressure, or electricity. It usually consists of a short cylinder fitting within a cylindrical vessel along which it moves back and forth. For example: in steam engines, motion is created by steam, and pumps transmit motion to a fluid.

例如，液壓泵執(zhí)行器依靠液壓泵壓縮和減壓活塞的兩側(cè)，以推動(dòng)活塞來(lái)回移動(dòng)?；钊B接到外部軸上，因此軸會(huì)隨之移動(dòng)。另一方面，蠟馬達(dá)線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器使用電流熔化蠟塊，使其膨脹。當(dāng)蠟隨著電流的變化而膨脹和收縮時(shí)，壓在蠟上的柱塞會(huì)以線(xiàn)性運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)回移動(dòng)。

Hydraulic pump actuators, for example, depend on a hydraulic pump to compress and decompress the two sides of a piston in order to push it back and forth. The piston is attached to an external shaft, so the shaft moves with it. On the other hand, a wax motor linear actuator uses an electric current to melt a block of wax, causing it to expand. As the wax expands and contracts with varying electrical currents, a plunger that is pressed against it moves back and forth in a linear motion.

線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器功率和操作選項(xiàng)：

Linear Actuator Power and Operational Options:

線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器驅(qū)動(dòng)力有很多選項(xiàng)：手動(dòng)機(jī)械方法包括虎鉗和夾具的絲杠系統(tǒng)，以及手動(dòng)榨汁機(jī)或罐頭粉碎機(jī)中的杠桿。帶有活塞的氣缸由壓縮空氣驅(qū)動(dòng)，用于移動(dòng)機(jī)器的部件。帶有活塞的液壓缸為鏟車(chē)、升降機(jī)和千斤頂?shù)冉ㄖO(shè)備提供巨大的力量和沖程，而短行程氣缸則用于制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。螺線(xiàn)管線(xiàn)圈是短行程電磁線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器，除了鎖定和解鎖門(mén)外，還可以打開(kāi)和關(guān)閉開(kāi)關(guān)和閥門(mén)。電磁電機(jī)極的線(xiàn)性級(jí)數(shù)用于有軌電車(chē)、自動(dòng)人行道和物料輸送機(jī)。還提供獨(dú)立的線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器電機(jī)。

There are many options regarding the linear actuator driving force: Manual mechanical methods include the lead screw systems of vises and clamps, and levers found in manual juicers or can crushers. Cylinders with pistons powered by compressed air are used to move parts of machines. Hydraulic cylinders with pistons provide large forces and strokes for construction equipment such as shovels, lifts and jacks, and short throw cylinders for braking systems. Solenoid coils, which are short throw electromagnetic linear actuators, turn switches and valves on and off in addition to locking and unlocking doors. Linear progressions of electromagnetic motor poles are used for trams, people movers, and material conveyors. Self-contained linear actuator motors are also available.

線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器有什么用途？

What is a Linear Actuator Used For?

線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器用于工業(yè)自動(dòng)化和機(jī)械、機(jī)床、計(jì)算機(jī)外圍設(shè)備（如磁盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器和打印機(jī)）、家庭自動(dòng)化、包裝、裝配、電子制造、數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)、激光加工以及測(cè)試和檢查。線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器通常與電機(jī)、閥門(mén)、泵、開(kāi)關(guān)、阻尼器一起用于需要線(xiàn)性運(yùn)動(dòng)的許多其他地方。線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器還用于醫(yī)學(xué)成像和診斷、太陽(yáng)能、農(nóng)業(yè)、建筑、汽車(chē)和機(jī)器人應(yīng)用。

Linear actuators are used in industrial automation and machinery, machine tools, computer peripherals such as disk drives and printers, home automation, packaging, assembly, electronic manufacturing, data storage, laser processing, and test and inspection. Linear actuators are typically used in applications along with motors, valves, pumps, switches, dampers, and in many other places where linear motion is required. Linear actuators are also used for medical imaging and diagnostics, solar, farming, construction, automotive, and robotics applications.

幾乎所有需要線(xiàn)性運(yùn)動(dòng)的電氣設(shè)備都使用線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器。電鉆、泵和其他工業(yè)設(shè)備通常依靠線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器來(lái)移動(dòng)其他物體。線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器還用于某些類(lèi)型的電機(jī)，并且經(jīng)常用于機(jī)器人行業(yè)，為機(jī)器人提供運(yùn)動(dòng)技能。事實(shí)上，電動(dòng)機(jī)或燃油噴射發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)內(nèi)的簡(jiǎn)單活塞使用線(xiàn)性運(yùn)動(dòng)，因此可充當(dāng)線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器。

Linear actuators are used in nearly every type of electrical device that requires linear motion. Power drills, pumps, and other industrial appliances often rely on linear actuators to move other objects. Linear actuators are also used in some types of motors, and are often used in the robotics industry to provide robots with motor skills. In fact, a simple piston inside of an electric motor or fuel-injection engine uses linear motion, and therefore, acts as a linear actuator.

線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器的基本變體

Basic Variations of Linear Actuators

長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，人們已經(jīng)創(chuàng)建了許多基本線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器設(shè)計(jì)的變體。大多數(shù)變體都側(cè)重于提供一般改進(jìn)，例如更高的機(jī)械效率、速度或負(fù)載能力。工程界也大力推行線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器小型化。一些制造商認(rèn)為線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器越小越好。這并不一定意味著節(jié)省成本，相反，這有利于減小線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器運(yùn)動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的整體尺寸和重量。

Many variations of the basic linear actuator design have been created throughout time. Most focus on providing general improvements such as a higher mechanical efficiency, speed, or load capacity. There is also a large engineering movement towards linear actuator miniaturization. It is seen by some manufacturers that the smaller the linear actuator, the better. This does not necessary equate to cost savings, and rather, is desirable for reducing the overall size and weight of a linear actuator motion control system.

? 旋轉(zhuǎn)到線(xiàn)性運(yùn)動(dòng) – 一些線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器使用齒形帶或滾子傳動(dòng)鏈的直線(xiàn)部分，在兩個(gè)滑輪或鏈輪之間的縱向回路中運(yùn)行。這種類(lèi)型的線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器系統(tǒng)廣泛用于車(chē)庫(kù)門(mén)開(kāi)啟器。其他線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器還使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)旋轉(zhuǎn)電動(dòng)機(jī)（例如步進(jìn)電機(jī)、直流有刷電機(jī)、直流無(wú)刷電機(jī)和交流電機(jī)），并進(jìn)行機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)換，用于轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)或縫紉機(jī)中的曲軸，以及許多其他用途。

Rotary to Linear Motion – Some linear actuators use straight sections of a cogged belt or roller drive chain in a lengthwise circuit between two pulleys or sprockets. This type of linear actuator system is widely used in garage door openers. Other linear actuators also use standard rotational electric motors (such as Stepper, DC Brush, DC Brushless and AC motors) with mechanical conversion for steering systems, or crankshafts in sewing machines, and many other uses.

? 專(zhuān)用線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器 – 高度專(zhuān)用的線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器用于關(guān)鍵應(yīng)用，例如大型飛機(jī)上的液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)飛行控制面、需要精確定位到千分之一的超精細(xì)加工設(shè)備、微型伺服電機(jī)和齒形帶，以及眼科手術(shù)等醫(yī)療程序中的微小運(yùn)動(dòng)。即使是家用電腦打印機(jī)中使用的廉價(jià)步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器的分辨率也可以低至單個(gè)像素大小。

Specialized Linear Actuators – Highly specialized linear actuators are used in critical applications, such as hydraulically actuated flight control surfaces on large aircraft, in ultra-fine machining equipment requiring precise positioning to tenths of thousandths, as well as tiny servo motors and cog belts, and for minute movements in medical procedures such as eye surgery. Even inexpensive stepper motor-driven linear actuators used in home computer printers have resolution down to single pixel size.

? 運(yùn)動(dòng)、位置、速度和力的組合 – 將線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器集成到設(shè)備中的設(shè)計(jì)師必須仔細(xì)檢查其應(yīng)用，以確定運(yùn)動(dòng)、力、位置或速度是否是主要的操作要求，或者應(yīng)用是否需要所有這些的組合。例如：打印機(jī)頭傾斜系統(tǒng)必須能夠在長(zhǎng)行程中精確定位打印頭，而制動(dòng)缸必須通過(guò)相對(duì)較短的行程對(duì)限制其運(yùn)動(dòng)的制動(dòng)盤(pán)提供非常大的力。建筑中使用的大型挖掘機(jī)上的液壓缸必須能夠在數(shù)英尺的行程中提供數(shù)萬(wàn)磅的力，精度達(dá)到一兩英寸就足夠了。電路板組裝中使用的電子控制線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器以驚人的速度移動(dòng)，因?yàn)槲⑿酒徊迦氲骄_的位置。因此，復(fù)雜的線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器應(yīng)用通常會(huì)結(jié)合連接到可編程機(jī)器控制系統(tǒng)的位置、力和速度反饋傳感器，以確保線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器性能始終如一。

Motion, Position, Velocity, and Force Combinations – Designers integrating linear actuators into equipment must examine their application carefully to determine whether motion, force, position, or velocity is the primary operational requirement, or whether the application requires some combination of all of them. For example: printer head skewing systems must be able to position the heads precisely across a long stroke, while braking cylinders must provide very large forces through relatively short strokes against the brake discs that limit their motion. The hydraulic cylinders on large excavators used in construction must be able to provide tens of thousands of pounds of force over many feet of stroke, with a degree of precision of an inch or two being considered adequate. Electronically controlled linear actuators used in circuit board assembly move at blinding speed as microchips are inserted into precise positions. Therefore, complex linear actuator applications will often incorporate position, force and velocity feedback sensors connected into programmable machine control systems to ensure that linear actuator performance is achieved consistently.

? 機(jī)電線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器設(shè)計(jì) – 大多數(shù)機(jī)電線(xiàn)性設(shè)計(jì)都包含導(dǎo)螺桿和導(dǎo)螺桿螺母，而有些則使用滾珠螺桿和滾珠螺母。無(wú)論哪種情況，螺桿都可以直接或通過(guò)一系列齒輪連接到電機(jī)或手動(dòng)控制旋鈕。齒輪通常用于允許以較高 RPM 旋轉(zhuǎn)的較小、較弱的電機(jī)減速，以提供在比電機(jī)能夠直接驅(qū)動(dòng)的更大負(fù)載下旋轉(zhuǎn)螺桿所需的扭矩。一般而言，這種方法實(shí)際上犧牲了線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器的速度，以增加執(zhí)行器的推力。在某些應(yīng)用中，使用蝸輪很常見(jiàn)，因?yàn)檫@種方法允許更小的內(nèi)置尺寸和更大的行程長(zhǎng)度。

Electromechanical Linear Actuator Designs – Most electromechanical designs incorporate a lead screw and lead nut, while some use a ball screw and ball nut. In either case, the screw may be connected to a motor or manual control knob either directly or through a series of gears. Gears are typically used to allow a smaller, weaker motor rotating at a higher RPM to be geared down to provide the torque necessary to rotate the screw under a heavier load than the motor would otherwise be capable of driving directly. Generally speaking, this approach effectively sacrifices linear actuator speed in favor of increased actuator thrust. In some applications, the use of a worm gear is common, as this approach allows for a smaller built-in dimension and greater travel length.

移動(dòng)螺母線(xiàn)性致動(dòng)器的電機(jī)固定在絲杠的一端（可能通過(guò)變速箱間接固定）。電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)絲杠，而絲杠螺母則被限制轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。因此，螺母沿絲杠上下“移動(dòng)”。

A traveling-nut linear actuator has a motor that stays attached to one end of the lead screw (perhaps indirectly through a gearbox). The motor rotates the lead screw, and the lead nut is restrained from rotating. Therefore, the nut "travels" up and down the lead screw.

外部線(xiàn)性（移動(dòng)螺母）執(zhí)行器如何操作？

How do external linear (traveling-nut) actuators operate?

移動(dòng)式螺桿線(xiàn)性致動(dòng)器的導(dǎo)螺桿完全穿過(guò)電機(jī)。在移動(dòng)式螺桿線(xiàn)性致動(dòng)器中，電機(jī)沿著被限制旋轉(zhuǎn)的導(dǎo)螺桿上下“爬行”。唯一的旋轉(zhuǎn)部件位于電機(jī)內(nèi)部。在某些設(shè)計(jì)中，從螺桿致動(dòng)器的外部甚至看不到旋轉(zhuǎn)部件。

A traveling-screw linear actuator has a lead screw that passes entirely through the motor. In a traveling-screw linear actuator, the motor "crawls" up and down a lead screw that is restrained from rotating. The only rotating parts are inside the motor. In some designs, the rotating parts may not even be visible from the outside of the screw actuator.

非固定（移動(dòng)絲杠）線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器操作

Non-captive (traveling-screw) linear actuator operation

一些絲杠有多個(gè)“頭”。這意味著它們?cè)谕惠S上交替有多個(gè)螺紋。一種簡(jiǎn)單的可視化多頭絲杠的方法是糖果棒上的多個(gè)彩色條紋。多頭絲杠在螺距和螺母/絲杠螺紋接觸面積之間提供更多的調(diào)整能力，這將分別決定（螺紋的）伸展速度和承載能力。

Some lead screws have multiple "starts." This means that they have multiple threads alternating on the same shaft. One simple way to visualize the multiple starts lead screw is the multiple color stripes on a candy cane. Multiple starts lead screws provide for more adjustment capability between thread pitch and the nut/screw thread contact area, which will determine the extension speed and load carrying capacity (of the threads), respectively.

糖果上的多個(gè)彩色條紋類(lèi)似于具有多個(gè)頭的導(dǎo)螺桿

The multiple color stripes on the candy resemble a lead screw with multiple starts

線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器的靜態(tài)負(fù)載能力

Static Load Capacity of Linear Actuators

螺旋式線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器可以具有靜態(tài)負(fù)載能力，這意味著當(dāng)電機(jī)停止時(shí)，執(zhí)行器基本上被鎖定在原位，可以支撐對(duì)執(zhí)行器進(jìn)行拉動(dòng)或推動(dòng)的負(fù)載。線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器的制動(dòng)力隨螺紋的角螺距和螺紋的具體設(shè)計(jì)而變化。

梯形絲杠具有非常高的靜態(tài)負(fù)載能力，而滾珠絲杠的負(fù)載能力極低，并且?guī)缀跏亲杂筛?dòng)的。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，如果不使用額外的技術(shù)，就不可能改變螺旋式線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器的靜態(tài)負(fù)載能力。螺旋執(zhí)行器的螺紋螺距和驅(qū)動(dòng)螺母設(shè)計(jì)決定了無(wú)法動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整的具體負(fù)載能力。

Screw-type linear actuators can have a static load capacity, meaning that when the motor stops, the actuator is essentially locked in place and can support the load that is either pulling or pushing on the actuator. The braking force of the linear actuator varies with the angular pitch of the screw threads and the specific design of the threads.

Acme screws have a very high static load capacity, while ball screws have an extremely low load capacity and are nearly free-floating. Generally speaking, it is not possible to vary the static load capacity of screw-type linear actuators without additional technology. The screw thread pitch and drive nut design of the screw actuator defines the specific load capacity that cannot be dynamically adjusted.

線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器的動(dòng)態(tài)負(fù)載能力

Dynamic Load Capacity of Linear Actuators

在某些設(shè)計(jì)中，螺旋式線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器使用電磁制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)來(lái)增加動(dòng)態(tài)負(fù)載能力，電磁制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)對(duì)旋轉(zhuǎn)驅(qū)動(dòng)螺母施加摩擦力。例如，彈簧可用于將制動(dòng)片施加到驅(qū)動(dòng)螺母上，在電源關(guān)閉時(shí)將其固定在原位。當(dāng)需要移動(dòng)執(zhí)行器時(shí)，電磁鐵會(huì)抵消彈簧的作用并釋放驅(qū)動(dòng)螺母上的制動(dòng)力。同樣，螺旋式線(xiàn)性執(zhí)行器可以使用電磁棘輪機(jī)構(gòu)，這樣當(dāng)執(zhí)行器的電源關(guān)閉時(shí)，提升負(fù)載的驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)將鎖定在原位。要降低執(zhí)行器，可使用電磁鐵抵消彈簧力并解鎖棘輪。

A dynamic load capacity is in some designs added to a screw-type linear actuator using an electromagnetic brake system, which applies friction to the rotating drive nut. For example, a spring may be used to apply brake pads to the drive nut, holding it in position when power is turned off. When the actuator needs to be moved, an electromagnet counteracts the spring and releases the braking force on the drive nut. Similarly, an electromagnetic ratchet mechanism can be used with a screw-type linear actuator so that the drive system lifting a load will lock in position when power to the actuator is turned off. To lower the actuator, an electromagnet is used to counteract the spring force and unlock the ratchet.