線性執(zhí)行器的類型（中英文）

機械線性執(zhí)行器

Mechanical Linear Actuators

機械線性執(zhí)行器通常通過將旋轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)換為線性運動（直線運動）來工作。機械線性執(zhí)行器使用旋鈕或手柄所連接的螺釘和/或齒輪將控制旋鈕或手柄的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)換為線性位移。千斤頂或汽車千斤頂是一種常見的機械線性執(zhí)行器。

Mechanical linear actuators typically operate by the conversion of rotary motion into linear motion (motion in a straight line). Mechanical linear actuators convert rotary motion of a control knob or handle into linear displacement using screws and/or gears to which the knob or handle is attached. A jackscrew or car jack is a familiar mechanical linear actuator.

千斤頂是機械執(zhí)行器的一個簡單例子

A car jack is a simple example of a mechanical actuator

另一種線性致動器基于分段主軸。千斤頂手柄的旋轉(zhuǎn)被機械地轉(zhuǎn)換為千斤頂頭的線性運動。機械線性致動器也經(jīng)常用于激光和光學領(lǐng)域，以操縱線性平臺、旋轉(zhuǎn)平臺、鏡架、測角儀和其他定位儀器的位置。為了實現(xiàn)準確和可重復的定位，可以在控制旋鈕上使用索引標記。一些線性致動器設(shè)計包括編碼器和數(shù)字位置讀數(shù)。它們類似于千分尺上使用的調(diào)節(jié)旋鈕，只是它們的用途是位置調(diào)節(jié)而不是位置測量。轉(zhuǎn)換通常使用一些簡單的機制進行：

Another type of linear actuator is based on the segmented spindle. Rotation of the jack handle is converted mechanically into the linear motion of the jack head. Mechanical linear actuators are also frequently used in the field of lasers and optics to manipulate the position of linear stages, rotary stages, mirror mounts, goniometers and other positioning instruments. For accurate and repeatable positioning, index marks may be used on control knobs. Some linear actuator designs include an encoder and digital position readout. These are similar to the adjustment knobs used on micrometers, except that their purpose is position adjustment rather than position measurement. Conversion is typically made using a few simple mechanisms:

? 絲杠：絲杠、螺旋升降機、滾珠絲杠和滾柱絲杠線性執(zhí)行器均采用簡單絲杠的原理和功能運行。通過旋轉(zhuǎn)執(zhí)行器的螺母，絲杠軸沿直線移動。絲杠：絲杠、螺旋升降機、滾珠絲杠和滾柱絲杠線性執(zhí)行器均采用簡單絲杠的原理和功能運行。通過旋轉(zhuǎn)執(zhí)行器的螺母，絲杠軸沿直線移動。

Screws: lead screw, screw jack, ball screw and roller screw linear actuators all operate on the principles and functions of a simple screw. By rotating the actuator's nut, the screw shaft moves in a straight line.

? 輪軸：起重機、絞車、齒條小齒輪、鏈傳動、皮帶傳動、剛性鏈和剛性皮帶線性執(zhí)行器按照輪軸的原理和功能運行，其中旋轉(zhuǎn)的輪子移動電纜、齒條、鏈條或皮帶以產(chǎn)生線性運動。

Wheel and Axle: Hoist, winch, rack and pinion, chain drive, belt drive, rigid chain and rigid belt linear actuators operate on the principles and functions of the wheel and axle, wherein a rotating wheel moves a cable, rack, chain or belt to produce linear motion.

? 凸輪：凸輪線性致動器的工作原理與楔塊類似，但行程相對有限。當輪狀凸輪旋轉(zhuǎn)時，其偏心形狀會在軸的底部產(chǎn)生推力。凸輪：凸輪線性致動器的工作原理與楔塊類似，但行程相對有限。當輪狀凸輪旋轉(zhuǎn)時，其偏心形狀會在軸的底部產(chǎn)生推力。

Cam: Cam linear actuators function on a principle similar to that of the wedge, but provide relatively limited travel. As a wheel-like cam rotates, its eccentric shape provides thrust at the base of a shaft.

一些機械線性執(zhí)行器僅用于拉動（例如提升機、鏈條傳動和皮帶傳動），而其他類型僅用于推動（例如凸輪執(zhí)行器）。氣動和液壓缸或?qū)輻U線性執(zhí)行器可設(shè)計為在兩個方向上提供力。線性執(zhí)行器的選擇取決于應用和預算。

Some mechanical linear actuators only pull (such as hoists, chain drive and belt drives), while other types only push (such as a cam actuator). Pneumatic and hydraulic cylinders, or lead screw linear actuators can be designed to provide force in both directions. The selection of the linear actuator is dependent upon the application and budget.

液壓線性執(zhí)行器

Hydraulic Linear Actuators

液壓線性執(zhí)行器有時也稱為液壓缸，通常包括一個插入活塞的空心缸。施加在活塞上的不平衡壓力提供了移動外部物體所需的力。由于液體幾乎不可壓縮，液壓缸可以提供受控的活塞精確線性位移。位移僅沿活塞的軸線進行。雖然“液壓執(zhí)行器”一詞指的是由液壓泵控制的設(shè)備，但手動操作的液壓線性執(zhí)行器的一個例子是簡單的液壓千斤頂。

Hydraulic linear actuators, sometimes referred to as or hydraulic cylinders, typically involve a hollow cylinder with a piston inserted into it. An unbalanced pressure applied to the piston provides the necessary force that moves an external object. Since liquids are nearly incompressible, a hydraulic cylinder can provide controlled precise linear displacement of the piston. The displacement is only along the axis of the piston. Although the term "hydraulic actuator" refers to a device controlled by a hydraulic pump, an example of a manually operated hydraulic linear actuator is a simple hydraulic car jack.

氣動線性執(zhí)行器

Pneumatic Linear Actuators

氣動線性執(zhí)行器，有時也稱為氣缸，與液壓線性執(zhí)行器類似，只是它們使用壓縮氣體來提供壓力，而不是液體力。

Pneumatic linear actuators, sometimes referred to as pneumatic cylinders, are similar to hydraulic linear actuators except they use compressed gas to provide pressure, rather than a liquid force.

壓電線性執(zhí)行器

Piezoelectric Linear Actuators

壓電效應是某些材料的一種特性，在材料上施加電壓會導致材料膨脹。非常高的電壓只對應微小的膨脹。因此，壓電線性致動器可以實現(xiàn)極精細的定位分辨率。壓電線性致動器的缺點是其運動范圍非常短。此外，壓電材料表現(xiàn)出滯后現(xiàn)象，這使得難以以可重復的方式控制其膨脹。

The piezoelectric effect is a property of certain materials in which the application of a voltage to the material causes it to expand. Very high voltages correspond to only tiny expansions. As a result, piezoelectric linear actuators can achieve extremely fine positioning resolution. The downside to the piezoelectric linear actuator is that it has a very short range of motion. In addition, piezoelectric materials exhibit hysteresis, which makes it difficult to control its expansion in a repeatable manner.

機電機性執(zhí)行器

Electromechanical Linear Actuators

機電機性執(zhí)行器與機械執(zhí)行器類似，唯一的區(qū)別在于控制旋鈕或手柄被電動機取代。電動機的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動被轉(zhuǎn)換為執(zhí)行器的線性位移。現(xiàn)代線性執(zhí)行器有許多設(shè)計。每個線性執(zhí)行器制造商都有自己的專有方法和設(shè)計，因此很難將零件從一個制造商轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個制造商以用于給定的應用。

以下是一個非常簡單的機電機性執(zhí)行器的示例描述。通常，電動機以機械方式連接以旋轉(zhuǎn)導螺桿。導螺桿在其圓周上加工有沿長度延伸的連續(xù)螺旋螺紋（類似于螺栓上的螺紋）。在導螺桿上擰有具有相應螺旋螺紋的導螺母或滾珠螺母。螺母被阻止與導螺桿一起旋轉(zhuǎn)（通常螺母與執(zhí)行器主體的非旋轉(zhuǎn)部分互鎖）。因此，當導螺桿旋轉(zhuǎn)時，螺母沿螺紋驅(qū)動。螺母的運動方向取決于絲杠的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向。通過連接螺母，運動可以轉(zhuǎn)換為可用的線性位移。

Electromechanical linear actuators are similar to mechanical actuators, the only difference being that the control knob or handle is replaced with an electric motor. Rotary motion of the motor is converted into linear displacement of the actuator. There are many designs of modern linear actuators. Every linear actuator manufacturer has their own proprietary methods and designs, making it difficult to cross parts from one manufacturer to another for a given application.

The following is a example description of a very simple electromechanical linear actuator. Typically, an electric motor is mechanically connected to rotate a lead screw. A lead screw has a continuous helical thread machined on its circumference running along the length (similar to the thread on a bolt). Threaded onto the lead screw is a lead nut or ball nut with corresponding helical threads. The nut is prevented from rotating with the lead screw (typically the nut interlocks with a non-rotating part of the actuator body). Therefore, when the lead screw is rotated, the nut is driven along the threads. The direction of motion of the nut will depend on the direction of rotation of the lead screw. By connecting to the nut, the motion can be converted to usable linear displacement.

標準結(jié)構(gòu)還是緊湊結(jié)構(gòu)？

Standard Construction or Compact Construction?

使用標準電機的線性執(zhí)行器通常將電機用作附在執(zhí)行器側(cè)面的單獨氣缸，與執(zhí)行器平行或伸出側(cè)面，垂直于執(zhí)行器。有時電機附在執(zhí)行器的后端。驅(qū)動電機的典型結(jié)構(gòu)是實心驅(qū)動軸，與線性執(zhí)行器的驅(qū)動螺母或驅(qū)動螺桿嚙合。

A linear actuator using standard motors will typically use the motor as a separate cylinder attached to the side of the actuator, either parallel with the actuator or stuck out to the side, positioned perpendicular to the actuator. Sometimes the motor is attached to the back end of the actuator. The drive motor is of typical construction with a solid drive shaft that is geared to the drive nut or drive screw of the linear actuator.

緊湊型線性執(zhí)行器可能只有約 6 英寸長（包含電機）

Compact linear actuators may only be about 6 inches long, motor included

緊湊型線性執(zhí)行器使用專門設(shè)計的電機，將電機和執(zhí)行器組件裝入盡可能小的空間。在這種情況下，可以擴大電機軸的內(nèi)徑，這樣驅(qū)動軸就可以是空心的。因此，驅(qū)動螺桿和螺母可以占據(jù)電機的中心，而電機和驅(qū)動螺桿之間無需額外的傳動裝置。同樣，電機可以制成外徑較小，極面縱向伸展，這樣電機在小直徑設(shè)計中也能提供高扭矩。

Compact linear actuators use specially designed motors that fit the motor and actuator components into the smallest possible footprint. In such cases, the inner diameter of the motor shaft can be enlarged, so that the drive shaft can be hollow. The drive screw and nut can therefore occupy the center of the motor, with no need for additional gearing between the motor and the drive screw. Similarly, the motor can be made to have a small outer diameter, with the pole faces stretched out lengthwise so that the motor will provide high torque while fitting in a small diameter design.

電機型線性執(zhí)行器

Motor-Type Linear Actuators

電機型線性執(zhí)行器的功能基本與旋轉(zhuǎn)電動機相同，轉(zhuǎn)子和定子圓形磁場組件設(shè)計成直線排列。旋轉(zhuǎn)電動機旋轉(zhuǎn)并重復使用相同的磁極面，而電機型線性執(zhí)行器的磁場結(jié)構(gòu)在執(zhí)行器的長度上物理重復。由于電動機以線性方式移動，因此無需導螺桿即可將旋轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)換為線性運動。雖然可以實現(xiàn)高容量，但由于僅依賴磁吸引力和排斥力，大多數(shù)設(shè)計中的材料和/或電動機限制相對較快地被超越。與其他類型的線性執(zhí)行器相比，大多數(shù)線性執(zhí)行器電動機的負載能力較低。但是，線性執(zhí)行器電動機在戶外或骯臟環(huán)境中具有優(yōu)勢，因為兩個半部不需要相互接觸，因此電磁驅(qū)動線圈可以防水并密封以防潮和腐蝕。線性執(zhí)行器電動機設(shè)計可提供非常長的使用壽命，因此對于某些應用而言，它可能是一種經(jīng)濟的選擇。

A motor-type linear actuator basically functions the same as a rotary electric motor with the rotor and stator circular magnetic field components designed so that they are laid out in a straight line. Whereas a rotary motor rotates and re-uses the same magnetic pole faces again and again, the magnetic field structures of a motor-type linear actuator are physically repeated across the length of the actuator. Since the motor moves in a linear fashion to begin with, no lead screw is needed to convert rotary motion to linear. While high capacity is possible, the material and/or motor limitations on most designs are surpassed relatively quickly due to a reliance solely on magnetic attraction and repulsion forces. Most linear actuator motors have a low load capacity compared to other types of linear actuators. However, linear actuator motors have an advantage in outdoor or dirty environments in that the two halves do not need to contact each other, so the electromagnetic drive coils can be waterproofed and sealed against moisture and corrosion. The linear actuator motor design provides for a very long service life, so it can be an economical choice for some applications.

特殊設(shè)計：伸縮式線性執(zhí)行器

Special Design: Telescoping Linear Actuator

伸縮式線性執(zhí)行器是專用的線性執(zhí)行器，通常用于空間限制或其他要求決定最佳配合的場合。伸縮式線性執(zhí)行器的運動范圍比致動構(gòu)件的未伸展長度大很多倍。一種常見的形式是由長度大致相等的同心管制成，這些管像套筒一樣伸展和收縮，一個在另一個里面，例如伸縮缸。其他更專業(yè)的伸縮式線性執(zhí)行器使用的致動構(gòu)件在伸展時充當剛性線性軸，但在收縮時通過折疊、分成幾部分和/或展開來打破該線。

伸縮式線性執(zhí)行器的示例包括：

? 螺旋帶線性執(zhí)行器

? 剛性帶線性執(zhí)行器

? 剛性鏈線性執(zhí)行器

? 分段主軸線性執(zhí)行器

Telescoping linear actuators are specialized linear actuators that are typically used where space restrictions or other requirements dictate the best fit. The telescoping linear actuator's range of motion is many times greater than the unextended length of the actuating member. A common form is made of concentric tubes of approximately equal length that extend and retract like sleeves, one inside the other, such as the telescopic cylinder. Other more specialized telescoping linear actuators use actuating members that act as rigid linear shafts when extended, but break that line by folding, separating into pieces and/or uncoiling when retracted.

Examples of telescoping linear actuators include:

? Helical Band Linear Actuators

? Rigid Belt Linear Actuators

? Rigid Chain Linear Actuators

? Segmented Spindle Linear Actuators

螺旋驅(qū)動線性執(zhí)行器

Screw-Driven Linear Actuators

螺旋驅(qū)動線性執(zhí)行器也稱為線性平臺或線性執(zhí)行器工作臺，適用于低速、重載和高慣性負載。這些設(shè)備通常用于定位設(shè)備、數(shù)控機床以及需要緩慢點對點移動的任何其他場合。

Also called linear stages or linear actuator tables, screw-driven linear actuators are suitable for low-speeds, heavy loads, and high-inertial loads. These devices are typically used in positioning equipment, CNC machines, and anywhere else slow point-to-point movement is required.

皮帶傳動執(zhí)行器

Belt-Driven Actuators

皮帶傳動執(zhí)行器專為高速和輕負載而設(shè)計，僅適用于低慣性負載。皮帶傳動執(zhí)行器的常見應用包括自動門窗、高速數(shù)據(jù)采集和掃描設(shè)備。

Designed for high-speeds and light loads, belt-driven actuators are only suitable for low-inertial loads. Common applications for belt actuators include automated windows and doors, high-speed data acquisition, and scanning devices.

桿式執(zhí)行器

Rod-Style Actuators

桿式執(zhí)行器在提升和推力應用方面表現(xiàn)出色，其推力軸承內(nèi)置于執(zhí)行器本身。它們在速度、負載、定位和精度方面與螺旋驅(qū)動工作臺類似。桿式執(zhí)行器采用緊湊、可折疊的設(shè)計，非常適合空間受限的項目。

Rod actuators excel at lifting and thrusting applications, with thrust-bearings built into the actuators themselves. They are similar to screw-driven tables in terms of speed, load, positioning, and accuracy capabilities. Rod actuators offer a compact, collapsible design great for projects where space constraints are a concern.

步進電機線性執(zhí)行器

Stepper Motor Linear Actuators

步進電機線性執(zhí)行器適用于點對點定位應用。這種類型的執(zhí)行器最適合輕負載和低速應用。步進電機是開環(huán)精確的，因此它們不需要編碼器來實現(xiàn)精確定位。

Stepper linear actuators are intended for point-to-point positioning applications. This type of actuator is best suited for applications with light loads and slow speeds. Steppers are open loop accurate, so they do not require an encoder for accurate positioning.

帶集成滾珠絲杠的 BLDC 電機

BLDC Motors with Integrated Ball Screws

無刷直流線性執(zhí)行器非常適合高速運動。它們的特點是提供高速下的功率密度，而不是步進電機的高精度。無刷線性執(zhí)行器可能需要編碼器來獲取準確的定位數(shù)據(jù)。

The brushless DC linear actuators are great for high-speed motion. Their specialty is delivering power density at high speeds, rather than the high accuracy of a stepper. Brushless linear actuators may require an encoder to obtain accurate positioning data.

特定線性執(zhí)行器設(shè)計的優(yōu)點和缺點

Advantages and Disadvantages of Specific Linear Actuator Designs

線性執(zhí)行器的優(yōu)勢

Advantages of Linear Actuators

每種類型的線性執(zhí)行器都采用不同的制造方式，并具有各自的優(yōu)勢。例如，機械線性執(zhí)行器相對便宜、可重復使用且獨立。壓電線性執(zhí)行器可以產(chǎn)生極小的線性運動，因此可用于微型計算機和微型機械應用。液壓線性執(zhí)行器可以產(chǎn)生大量壓力，因此可用于重型應用。氣動線性執(zhí)行器功能強大、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、重量輕、設(shè)計非常簡單，并提供可重復的運動。

Each type of linear actuator is made differently and has its own advantages. Mechanical linear actuators, for example, are relatively inexpensive, reusable, and self-contained. Piezoelectric linear actuators can create extremely small linear motions and can consequently be used for microcomputer and micro-mechanical applications. Hydraulic linear actuators can produce a large amount of pressure, and therefore, can be used for heavy duty applications. Pneumatic linear actuators are powerful, compact, lightweight, very simply designed, and provide repeatable motion.

線性執(zhí)行器的缺點

Disadvantages of Linear Actuators

雖然每種線性執(zhí)行器都有自己的優(yōu)點，但也有缺點。例如，機械線性執(zhí)行器是嚴格手動的，無法實現(xiàn)自動化。壓電線性執(zhí)行器速度慢，只能在小區(qū)域內(nèi)移動，價格昂貴，需要高電壓才能有效，并且需要輔助力將軸推回到其初始位置。

While each linear actuator has its own advantages, each also has its disadvantages. For example, mechanical linear actuators are strictly manual and cannot be automated. Piezoelectric linear actuators are slow, can only move across small areas, are very expensive, require a high voltage to be effective, and require a secondary force to push the shaft back into its initial position.